slimming

Weight loss is to reduce excessive body fat, weight for the purpose of behavior. Moderate weight loss can reduce the risk of obesity, but also improve the health of patients with obesity complications.
The market has a variety of different weight loss concept, weight loss products, please choose carefully. Excessive, excessive weight loss will have adverse effects on the body. Adopt a scientific and correct way to lose weight, be alert to the hypothesis stage, the proof of weight loss.
Cui Qing Chang
Executive director and Deputy Secretary General of the Chinese Nutrition Society, research fellow, Institute of sports medicine, No.3 Hospital of Peking University, chief physician, professor. more details
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Authoritative content provided:  
Catalog
1 obesity index
2 obesity causes
3 types of obesity
4 weight loss method
Obesity index
Obesity is a condition in which the body fat, especially triglycerides (three glycerol), accumulates too much. Usually due to excessive intake of food or metabolic changes in the body, resulting in excessive accumulation of fat in the body, resulting in excessive weight gain, and cause changes in the pathophysiology of the human body.
Body mass index (body mass index)(BMI), the body weight (Kg) divided by height (m), is a measure of obesity. In Europe and the United States, BMI≥ 25 kg/m2 was overweight, BMI≥ and kg/m2 was obese by. According to the different BMI in the Asia Pacific region, people can be divided into: healthy 18.5-22.9kg/m2; overweight 23-24.9kg/m2; 1 degree obese 25-29.9kg/m2; (kg/m2) of obesity of 30-34.9 degree of obesity; > (); 35 kg/m2.
The formula is: body mass index (BMI) = body weight (kg, kg) / height squared (m, m)
Ideal body weight (Kg) = (18.5 ~ 23.9) × height squared (unit m)
Obesity causes
Obesity can be divided into two categories: simple obesity and secondary obesity. There is no clear cause of simple obesity, which may be related to heredity, diet and exercise habits. It can also be referred to as primary obesity in medicine, in all obesity, more than 99% of simple obesity. The exact pathogenesis of obesity is not well understood. Any factor as long as the energy intake than energy consumption, are likely to lead to obesity, these factors include age, eating too much, too little physical activity, social psychological factors, genetic factors, and adipose tissue characteristics. Secondary obesity refers to obesity caused by other diseases. The proportion of secondary obesity accounted for only 1%. According to the causes of obesity, and obesity can be divided into obesity, hypothalamic pituitary obesity, hypothyroidism obesity, Cushing syndrome caused by obesity, hypogonadism obesity, were due to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal and thyroid gland diseases. Iatrogenic obesity is that some patients with obesity is caused by the use of certain drugs, generally referred to as obesity. The drug can cause iatrogenic obesity include glucocorticoids (cortisol, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone), phenothiazine, tricyclic antidepressants, insulin etc.. In addition, if the brain injury to the hypothalamus can also cause obesity. Because the cause of iatrogenic obesity is very clear, it is also considered as a source of secondary obesity.
Obesity type
According to the distribution of fat in different parts of the body, obesity can be divided into two types of abdominal obesity and hip obesity. Abdominal obesity is also known as central obesity (clinical standard name for central obesity), male obesity, visceral obesity, apple obesity, these people are mainly deposited in the abdominal fat and subcutaneous abdominal cavity, limbs is relatively small. Hip fat type obesity mainly deposited in the hips and legs, also known as non central obesity, female obesity or pear shaped obesity. The risk of complications of abdominal obesity is much greater than that of the hip. In addition, according to the different age of onset, obesity can be divided into juvenile onset, onset of puberty and adult onset obesity.
Weight loss method
1, change the way of life
We should control diet, the intake of energy cap in 1000-1500kcal/ days, reduce fat intake, fat intake should be 25%-35% of the total energy, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber; lean meat and vegetable protein as a protein source. Diet should have adequate quality protein, in addition to the necessary nutrients, but also need to add the necessary vitamins, minerals and adequate moisture. To change their eating habits, eat to be chewed, it can slow down the absorption of nutrients, control of energy intake. Diet control goal is to control the weight loss of 0.5 to about 1 kg per month, weight loss of 6 months 7-8%. Obese patients under the guidance of a special nutritionist to develop a strict diet plan.
During exercise, the use of muscle tissue for fatty acids and glucose is greatly increased, so that excess sugar can only be used for energy, and can not be converted into fat and stored. At the same time, with the increase of energy consumption, the storage of adipose tissue by “ mobilization of ” up to burn energy, the body's fat cells shrink, thus reducing the formation and accumulation of fat. This can achieve the purpose of weight loss. Weight loss exercise should emphasize scientific, rational and individualized, according to their own characteristics to grasp the appropriate amount of exercise and degree.
2, drug therapy
At present commonly used drugs for the treatment of obesity has two main categories: one is an appetite suppressant effect on the central: these drugs also called tired feeding drugs, it is through the influence of neurotransmitter activity, 5 reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, thereby reducing food intake, reduce appetite and increase the basal metabolic rate to lose weight such as, sibutramine. There is a lipase inhibitor effect on the peripheral part: by blocking the absorption of fat in your diet in order to lose weight, such as orlistat, inhibition of gastric and pancreatic lipase in the gastrointestinal tract, so as to reduce the absorption of fat is about 30%. Patients who needed medication had BMI greater than 30kg/m2 and no comorbidities, or greater than 28kg/m2 with other comorbidities.
3, surgical treatment
Control diet, exercise therapy or medication, sometimes can not achieve the desired weight loss effect. Surgical treatment is the only way to get weight loss in obese patients long-term and stable, gastrointestinal surgery not only can cause weight loss, and may improve and even cure many metabolic diseases associated with obesity, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity prevention and treatment of severe, slow or even prevent the occurrence and development of obesity complications.
Bariatric surgery was first started in the 50s of last century, after more than half a century of exploration and research, surgical methods have been further improved and improved. According to reduceThe principle of different fertilizer, bariatric surgery can be divided into 3 categories: (1) restricted operations, such as: adjustable gastric banding (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, LAGB), sleeve gastrectomy (laparoscopic sleeve, gastrectomy, LSG); (2) malabsorption surgery, such as laparoscopic biliary pancreatic duodenal exclusion and turn flow cytometry (laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, LBPDDS); (3) both limit the stomach volume caused Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass malabsorption, LRYGB). In the 80s of last century, laparoscopic surgery was introduced into obesity surgery, but also to the development of bariatric surgery has a key impact. In recent years, with the maturity and development of clinical application of laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic surgery has become the standard surgical treatment of obesity. Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of minimal invasion, less operation, faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, and lower risk of perioperative period. The current global annual bariatric surgery more than 200 thousand cases, has been in Europe over 1 million obese and diabetic patients for surgery and benefit, bariatric surgery has become the most commonly performed gastrointestinal surgery in the United states. Clinical studies have demonstrated that bariatric surgery after 78% complete remission of diabetes, type 87% diabetes more than 70% partial remission; hyperlipidemia; hypertension 61.7% complete remission, 78.5% partial remission; 80% sleep apnea resolved or improved.
In Europe and the United States and other western countries, BMI≥ 40kg/m2 or ≥ 35kg/m2 patients with diabetes and other complications of surgery. For China obese people, following surgical treatment should be considered: (1), identified with simple excess fat metabolic disorders syndrome, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, lipid metabolism disorder, sleep apnea syndrome, and predict the weight reduction can be treated effectively. (2), waist circumference: male ≥ 90cm, female ≥ 80cm. Dyslipidemia: TG (triglyceride) ≥ 1.70 mmol/L; and (or) fasting blood HDL-ch (high density lipoprotein cholesterol): male < 0.9mmol/L, female < 1.0mmol/L. (3), more than 5 years of continuous and stable increase of body weight, BM I≥ kg/m2 (32 patients under normal circumstances should refer to a confirmation record and weight coefficient, then calculate the height as pregnancy within 2 years after the special circumstances should not be used as selection criteria). (4) aged from 16 to 65. 65 years of age or older, due to the complications of obesity is stubborn and complex, should be based on the preoperative examination of the pros and cons of weighing the pros and cons of surgery, and then decide whether surgery. Patients under 16 years of age to consider the degree of obesity, the impact on learning and life, and whether there is a family history of hereditary obesity, I intend to. (5) patients who were not treated with nonoperative treatment or were unable to tolerate. (6), no alcohol or drug dependence, no serious mental disorder, mental retardation. (7), bariatric surgery patients understand, understand and accept the risk of the potential complications of surgery; postoperative understanding of lifestyle, eating habits and ability to bear the importance of postoperative recovery, to actively cooperate with the follow-up. There are more than 1 to one of the 3, while having the situation of 4 ~ 7, can be considered surgical treatment. On the contrary, it is not recommended to treat [6].
Obesity involves multiple systemic diseases, obesity patients with multiple system complications at the same time, the need for a number of disciplines to work together to develop a more professional treatment program.